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Radiography- A non-destructive internal examination of a material, whereby an object is exposed to an x-ray beam or gamma rays.  The shadow image illustrates any internal defects or  inclusions.

Reduction of area-the difference, normally given as a percentage of original area, between the original cross section area of a tensile test specimen, and that after straining the sample material.

Refractory Metal-a category of metal, extremely resistant to heat and wear. Generally refers to metals with high melting points, above those of iron, cobalt and nickel.

Residual Element- a versatile metal-forming process for manufacturing seamless annular rings that are accurately dimensional and have circumferential grain flow.

Ring Rolling- The process of rapidly cooling metal parts from austenising or solution treating temperature in order to obtain desired properties.  Normally done by immersing in oil or water.

Rockwell Hardness- hardness scale based on the indentation hardness of a material.  Consists of five scales, A-H, with B & C being the more commonly used.  The test involves penetrating the material with a steel ball or diamond cone.  The depth of the residual penetration is then registered on a dial and the Rockwell Hardness determined.

Roll Forging- a process for reducing cross sectional area of heated bar or billet, passing them between two driven rolls rotating in opposite directions containing one or more matching grooves in each roll.

Rolling- the process of shaping and reducing the thickness of a metal by passing it through rolls, which shape, compress and lengthen  material following the roll pattern.  Material can be hot rolled or cold rolled.

Rotary Swaging- the process for reducing cross sectional area or changing the shape of bars and tubes, by repeated radial blows with two or more dies.

Rough Machining- machining with no concern for the finish, as it is usual followed by another operation.

Rust-Preventative Compounds- removable coatings used to protect surfaces of iron, steels and alloys.

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